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Geometry, Surfaces, Curves, Polyhedra

The following is a random collection of various topics in geometry the author has explored or simply documented over the years. Many of the topics include source code illustrating how to solve various geometric problems, or to assist others recreating the geometric forms presented.

Notes on polygons and meshes
Includes Surface (polygon) simplification, Clipping a polygonal facet with an arbitrary plane, Surface Relaxation and Smoothing of polygonal data, Mesh crumpling, splitting polygons, two sided facets, polygon types, tests for clockwise and concavity, clipping line to polygons, area of a 3D polygon, area of general polygons, determining inside/outside test, intersection of a line and a facet, Eulers numbers.

Notes on points, lines and planes
Includes calculations for the distance between points, lines and planes. The intersection between 2 lines in 2D and 3D, the intersection of a line with a plane. The intersection of two and three planes.

Notes on circles, cylinders and spheres
Includes equations and terminology. Equation of the circle through 3 points and sphere thought 4 points. The intersection of a line and a sphere (or a circle). Intersection of two circles on a plane and two spheres in 3D. Distributing Points on a Sphere. The area of multiple intersecting circles. Creating a plane/disk perpendicular to a line segment. Modelling with spheres and cylinders, including facet approximation to a sphere and cylinder, rounded boxes, pipes, and modelling with spheres.

The most important thing in the programming language is the name. A language will not succeed without a good name. I have recently invented a very good name and now I am looking for a suitable language. D. E. Knuth, 1967

Transformations and projections
Methods for mapping points on a spherical surface onto a plane, stereographic and cylindrical (including Mercator) projections. Includes Aitoff map projection: Conversion to/from longitude/latitude (spherical map). Transformations on the plane. Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical coordinate systems. Euler angles and coordinate transformations. Converting between left and right coordinate systems. Classification of projections from 3D to 2D and specific examples of oblique projections. Planar (stretching) distortion in the plane. Anamorphic projections and Mappings in the Complex Plane (Otherwise known as Conformal maps). 3D projection: Transforming 3D world coordinates into 2D screen coordinates. Convert spherical projection into a cylindrical projection. Uniform vector on sphere given rotation angles

Tiling textures
An introduction to texture tiling using characteristics of the texture itself. A general method is presented that converts any texture into one that tiles without seams. Illustrates the most common texture mapping methods in use by rendering applications. The mathematics of how to map a rectangular texture onto a sphere, creating a textured mesh in OpenGL and how to correct for polar distortion of texture maps on spheres.

Texture library

Tiling on the plane and more recently Tiling tricurves
Includes Truchet tiling in 2D and 3D, Regular pentagonal tiles, block tessellation, weaving, and more. Non periodic (aperiodic) tiling of the plane: Methods of tiling that are never periodic, for example, Penrose tiles, Danzer tiles, Chair tiles, Trilobite tiles, Pinwheel tiles. Decagon tiles and truncated decagons. Most of the tiles are presented accurately and large enough to be printed and cut out. Hexagonal tiling and SHM Calculator Including MacOS-X and Linux software for experimenting with transformation in the Spiral Harmonic Mosaic. Relationship between base 7 and base 10: Exploration by Paolo Di Pasquale © 1988-2012

Philosophy is written in this grand book - I mean universe - which stands continuously open to our gaze, but which cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth. Galileo (1623)

Contouring Algorithm
Description of an efficient contouring algorithm as it appeared in Byte magazine. (Byte Magazine, 1987) and a more general approach for arbitrary contour planes and polygonal meshes.

Polygonising a scalar field
Otherwise known as marching cubes and marching tetrahedrons.

HyperSpace
Notes on 4 dimensional geometry, including an old Macintosh 4 dimensional geometry viewer and manual. List of 4D platonic solids and the coordinates for 4D polyhedra.

There are holes in the sky. Where the rain gets in. But they're ever so small. That's why the rain is thin. Spike Milligan

Of cube nature
SGI logo, Wiffle cube, Rounded cube, Tooth surface, Horned cube, Tangle surface

Of spherical and elliptical nature
Models of sports balls, Prolate spheroid, Cymbelloid, Superellipse, Superellipsoid, Capsules, Eggs, Melons, Peanuts, Cassini Oval, Ellipse, Apple, Baseball curve, Cassinoid, Cassinian Ellipse.

Circumference of an ellipse and arc approximation
The circumference of an ellipse, one might think this was a "solved" problem, nothing could be further from the truth.

Of toroidal nature
Torus, Supertorus, Klein bottle, Möbius strip, Elliptic Torus, Limpet Torus, Gumdrop torus, Figure 8 Torus, 2-Torus, Saddle torus, Kinky Torus, Bow tie, Triaxial Tritorus, Triaxial Hexatorus, Twisted pipe, Double torus, Bow curve, Bretzel, Pretzel, Pisot triaxial

Of spiral nature
Horn, Cresent, Sea shells, Springs, Dini surface, Equiangular spiral, Parabolic spiral, Hyperbolic spiral, Fermats spiral, Lituus Spiral, Archimedes spiral, Sinusoidal spiral, Square Archimedes spiral, Cornu spiral, Tanh spiral, Coth spiral, Helix, Clothoid, Eulers Spiral

You may say I'm a hacker, But I'm not the only one.
I hope someday you'll join us, And the world will code as one.

Waterman Polyhedra	Cylinder intersections	Plexagons	Platonic solids	Verrill
Time Star	Polar + Star sphere	Parallelohedron	SuperShape	80 Polyhedra
Tetrakaidecahedron	Pyritohedron	Islamic Art	Trisagita tiles	Hyperboloid
To see a World in a Grain of Sand, And Heaven in a Wild Flower. Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand, And Eternity in an hour. William Blake
Photos by Gayla Chandler	Meta logo	Build your own	Kuen's	Implicit Surfaces
Polyhedra data files	Spherical Harmonics	Inverse Truchet	Pseudosphere	Harmonograph
Experience hath shown, that even under the best forms of government those entrusted with power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into tyranny. Thomas Jefferson
Borg	Bifolia	Twisted plane	Twisted Fano	Cross Hole
Chair	Fano planes	Tranguloid Trefoil	Chladni plates	Nose
Aesthetic delight lies somewhere between boredom and confusion. E. H. Gombrick
Witch hat	Slipper	Decocube	Strophoid	3D shape filling
2D Bow curve	Cross Cap	Steiner	Hunt	Stiletto
A straight line may be the shortest distance between two points, but it is by no means the most interesting.
Barth Decic	Twisted Triaxial	Mitre	Nodal cubic	Boy
Klein Cycloid	Jet	Heart surfaces	Pilz	Tear drop
"I know what you're thinking about," said Tweedledum; "but it isn't so, nohow." "Contrariwise," continued Tweedledee, "if it was so, it might be, and if it were so, it would be, but as it isn't, it ain't That's logic" Lewis Carroll
Tubey	Maeder's Owl	Spline curve/surface	Triaxial teardrop	Whitney umbrella
Lemniscape	Tractrix	Pseudocatenoid	Twisted heart	Piva surface
Going to war over religion is basically killing each other to see who's got the better imaginary friend. Richard Jeni
Calabi-Yau	Hexagonal Drum	OrthoCircle	Barth sextic	Folium
Devil	Swallow	P1 atomic orbital	Ghost Plane	Bent Horns
The only thing that saves us from the bureaucracy is its inefficiency.
Catenoid minimal	Helicoid minimal	Bour minimal	Ennepers minimal	Richmond minimal
Handkerchief	Scherk minimal	Kidney	Monkey saddle	Pillow shape
I don't do drugs. If I want a rush then I get out of the chair when I'm not expecting it. Dylan Moran
Cushion	Double Cone	Catalan minimal	Fish	Cayley
2D tiles from 3D	Chainmail	dForm	Mecon tiles	Durehedron
There is a remote tribe that worships the number zero. Is nothing sacred? Les Dawson
Snail	The Blob	Kusner Schmitt	McMullen K3 model	Tri-Trumpet
Weird	Gerhard Miehlich	Kampyle of Eudoxus	Tetra Ellipse	Sextics
I believe the geometric proportion served the creator as an idea when He introduced the continuous generation of similar objects from similar objects. Johannes Kepler
Spherical tiles	Small Rhombicuboctahedron	Rhombic triacontahedron	Animated Tiles
Borromean rings	Mesh weave	Knots	Chrysanthemum	Love Heart
Bezier curves/surfaces	Henneburg minimal	Gerono lemniscate	Cycloid	Conic sections
If triangles had a God, He'd have three sides. Old Yiddish proverb
Butterfly curve	Viviani curve	Kappa curve	Agnesi curve	Cayleys sextic
Hypocycloid	Freeths Nephroid	Tractrix	Spherical Nephroid	Epicycloid
We should make things as simple as possible, but not simpler. Albert Einstein
Conchoid of Nicomedes	Cissoid of Diocles	Deltoid	Strophoid	Lemniscate Bernoulli
Astroid	Nephroid	Spherical Cardioid	Cardioid	Parabola
No amount of genius can overcome a preoccupation with detail. Law 8, Marion Levy Jr.
Hyperbola	Diamond curve	Folium curve	Limacon	Trisectrix of Maclaurin
Reuleaux Triangle	Network	Blobbie	Bicorn curve	Glissette